Industrial revolution Essay Example for Free

industrial revolution EssayThe industrial transition was a date of forceful shift and duty period from persona of hand tools and handmade items to machine-made and mass produced goods. This change generally helped career, besides in alike(p) manner hindered it as well. Pollution, such as carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, rose. Working conditions declined, and the number of women and children working addd. The g everywherenment, the arts, literature, music, architecture, and mans centering of looking at vivification all changed during the period. Two revolutions took place, both(prenominal) resulting in productive, but also portentous consequences. The Industrial Revolutions impact on Europe like the mechanization of the stuff industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined burn. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of behindals, amend roads and railways. The Industrial Revolution provided both the mecha nical locomotive of progress and the emotional engine of progress. These two things, the energy to expand and the will to expand, feed directly into imperialism. Marxist Theory also made a huge because it essential socialism and communism, by placing more than emphasis on value, rather than generating profit. originally the early Industrial Revolution, Englands thrift was based on its cott come along intentness. Workers bought raw materials from merchants and took it back to their cottages, and produce the goods at their menage. It was usually owned and managed by one or more mass, who were generally close to the workers. There was a good worker/boss relationship, which was demolished and destroy by capitalism (Wyatt 7). This industry was efficient but the workers productivity was low and it made costs higher. The thirster it took one person to manufacture a product, the higher the price.Subsequently, goods were more expensive and exclusive only to the ladened people. I n 1733, the quest for cotton cloth was high, but proceeds was low. This crisis had to be solved or Englands economy would be hindered. The answer came from a British weaver, John Kay, who invented and fashioned the flying shuttle, which cut weaving time in half. John Kay was a pioneer and his invention paved the way for numerous inventors (Wyatt 13). Although at kickoff umpteen workers didnt accept machines, in fact, many inventions were destroyed. just now what was inevitable, couldnt be stopped. By the 1750s, the Industrial Revolution had begun. At first, inventions were strictly modified to cotton weaving. Inventions such as the spinning jenny and the water-powered frame, both of which provided spinning narration faster, the spinning mule, the power loom and the cotton gin all helped the manufacture of cotton goods by go up the process (Wyatt 35). gage production had begun, a abundant with capitalism. Capitalists, people who have their own materials, money and space, bough t many machines and stored them in a factory.They hired people to run the machines and produce manufacturing goods. The factory clay had replaced the cottage industry. Mass production made usually expensive items, such as shoes, but now they make slight expensive and affordable to more people. The quality of life had improved. In the 1800s, inventions werent just delimitateed to the cotton industry. steam engines were invented, providing a faster mode of transportation, instead of the use of horses and carriages. With steam engines, cities were able to move farther bring outside from rivers and sources of water, to thrive (Wyatt 58).The First Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technical and stinting progress gained momentum with the development of steam powered ships and railways, and, later in the nineteenth century, with the intimate combustion engine and electrical power generation. The torrent of technical innovation and su bsequent social transformation continued throughout the twentieth century, contributing to further disruption of human life circumstances (Beard 25).Today, varied parts of the world remain at contrary stages in the Industrial Revolution with some of the countries roll in the hay in terms of industrial development being in a position, through adopting the latest technologies, to bound over even some more advanced countries that are now locked into the infrastructure of an earlier applied science. The first Industrial Revolution had forever changed England, and later the world. England was now ready for another change, as life with machinery had already been assimilated into society.The moment Industrial Revolution proved more drastic not only in inventions, but in social and government policies and reforms. Art and culture flourished and was transformed into many different and unique styles. The second Industrial Revolution utilized the power of electricity to help develop tec hnology, to help social and home life. Michael Faraday, a British scientist, demonstrated how an electric current could be made. This concept and principle is passive use today. Electricity improved life by supplying people with light and electricity to power machines (Thomas). communication theory improved as a result of electricity (Thomas). The telephone and telegraph were the first communicational devices that were for normal use (Thomas). With the development of technology, radio waves were discovered (Thomas). Now messages could be sent over long distances in virtually no time. Advances in science were also made. The discovery of radioactivity by Marie Curie apply radioactivity as a power source, but also led to the discovery of the nuclear bomb. During the 1800s over 70,000 chemical compounds were broken down (Beard 45).Some of these were Portland cement, vulcanized rubber, synthetic dyes, and petroleum products. Petroleum began to be wide used as an alternate energy sourc e (Beard 46). Gasoline was also adopted for transportation, which evolved from steam engines to the upcountry combustion engine (Beard 47). The internal combustion engine made transportation faster and decreased the make for public transportation because people could own a their own cars. During this time, another a raw technology was born in the field of transportation. Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully completed the first airplane flight at pussycat Hawk.The air plane industry was born (Hudson 15). Prior to vaccinations, medicine before the 1750s and in the 1750s wasnt well developed. at once infection set in, nothing was possible to save the patient. Various diseases couldnt be stopped or controlled because of limited technology. In the 1850s however, vaccinations were discovered and administered. X rays were also discovered and provided doctors with a faster way of diagnosing medical problems. Louis Pasteur discovered and fabricated a way to eliminate all germs in mil k. Called pasteurization, this technique is now widely used on all milk.The technique involves heating the milk to slow the fermentation process (Clare 23). Darwin was a ingrainedist who devised the theory of evolution. It stated that all animals and plants evolve from a lower species. He also developed the concept of Social Darwinism that the strongest survive. many another(prenominal) people contested his ideas and argued against them (Doty 25). Life was drastically changed during the Industrial Revolution. People were living in germ infested, crowded and very unhealthy conditions, oft like their place of work (Hudson 45-46). fryren and women tug in harsh conditions, working long hours with tiny pay (Hudson 34).The British Parliament stepped in to limit and control child labor (Hudson 34). This sparked a rebellion. People, especially wealthy capitalists, wanted the government to stay out of its issues. It was called the laissez-faire system (Hudson 56-57). Many people oppo sed the laissez-faire system, saying the capitalists would gain too much power and people would be mistreated. The laissez-faire system was disregarded after a few geezerhood, and it is still used today. Art changed with the different ideas of social Darwinism, the laissez-faire system and the Industrial Revolution.Romantic artists painted emotions that they had no control over, such as love, religion, and beauty. It showed more of how people felt at one moment in time. Realism tried to capture what was really happening, all of the sadness, and tried to make people work to change what was happening (Wyatt 65). Socialists were reformers who wanted to construct a better life for all people. Among them, Robert Owen, an owner of a textile mill, whose reforms reshaped the working class. He raised pay, improved working conditions, and didnt allow children younger than eleven to work.Directly connect to Owens reforms, crime and disease rates dropped and life improved. Marx, another socia list, started the class struggle (Wyatt 68). The conflict between the different classes of people, made an impact on the changes that occur in history. The Industrial Revolution brought on more technology, wealth and power, but at what consequence? The people were living in filth, working unthinkable hours and being salaried very little. The revolution shaped modern society to what it is today. As Rousseau said, Civilization spoils people (Montagna), but did people spoil civilization by implementing machines to do our work?The Industrial Revolution provided both the mechanical engine of progress and the emotional engine of progress. These two things, the capacity to expand and the will to expand, fed directly into imperialism. On a more direct, grounded level, the Industrial Revolution gave Europeans the ability to mass produce weapons and technologies. This gave rise to a need to export manufactured goods and under the Mercantile Economic System (which was in its final days) expor t regions were interpreted as colonies to be administrated by the producing power. The weapons that were mass produced made warfare much easier.The technologies and products that came out of the factories raised the sample of living of Europeans, which lead to an increased value in how they saw their civilization. Europeans believed that their culture was behind their consistent technological progress, and moved to annex regions to improve their culture. This mentality was encapsulated by the White Mans Burden (Newton). The Expansion of Empire itself was also symbolic of European dominance and cultural superiority as they reasoned that only powerful empires can expand over new territories.Even though the Industrial Revolution significantly helped the United States and horse opera Europe, there were few consequences with the Industrial Revolution. Economic decline arose because, proportionate to its population, England produced so much fewer improve people than Europe or North Ame rica. The pioneers who had done so well with first-generation approaches, technology, and general attitudes saw little need for improvement until too late. Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm was a British Marxist historian of the rise of industrial capitalism, socialism, and nationalism.Hobsbawn claimed that since the British middle class made money so easily in the first years of the Industrial Revolution, they simply did not work as hard as their rivals in other countries. Workers, which were modal(a) people, were disadvantaged because the Industrial Revolution brought massive greed from big businesses run by people like Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and J. P Morgan. These employers demanded longer working hours (usually 12-hour shifts) and lower pay (Clare 34-37) . There were harsh conditions and no regulations that protected the workers (Clare 42-44). No unions.This was what led to the rise of socialism/communism and the unions (Clare 45). During the Industrial Revolution, big business controlled the government more than the government controlled itself. Thus, there were no environmental pollution laws. Factories could spit out as much pollution as they wanted and freely dump into the worlds oceans (Clare 55). Its effects are still today, and has devastated certain parts of the world. collectible to the Industrial Revolution, many Western European nations, particularly England, France, Portugal, Germany, and Spain, had a massive need for resources.Thus, they occupied developing and weak civilizations in Africa and the Americas (Princeton). This was an easy way to get free resources and feed their growing industrial might. But it had a devastating effect on the people living there, as they were often treated harshly and without care. The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in Earths ecology and humans relationship with their environment. The Industrial Revolution dramatically changed every aspect of human life and lifestyles. The impact o n the worlds psyche would not begin to register until the early 1960s, some 200 years after its beginnings.From human development, health and life longevity, to social improvements and the impact on natural resources, public health, energy usage and sanitation, the effects were profound (Princeton). The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history, roughly every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. It started with the mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques, and the increased use of refined coal (Doty 2). Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways.The introduction of steam power fuelled principally by coal, wider utilization of water wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity (Doty 3). The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the n ineteenth century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world, a process that continues.The impact of this change on society was capacious (Doty 4). The Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists, and businessmen over a land class of nobility and gentry. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labor dominated by a pace set by machines. However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place.Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruelchild labor, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were just as prevalent as before the Industrial Revolution (Corrick 42). The factory system was l argely responsible for the rise of the modern city, as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities to work in factories. The lossway to industrialization was not without difficulty. For example, a group of English workers known as Luddites protested against industrialization and sometimes sabotaged factories.Child labor had existed before the Industrial Revolution, but with the increase in population and education it became more visible. Many children were coerce to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders (Corrick 46). Living conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied from the splendor of the homes of the owners, to the squalor of the lives of the workers. Poor people lived in very small houses in cramped streets. These homes share toilet facilities, had open sewers and were damp (Corrick 67).The Industrial Revolution concentrated labor into mills, factories and mines, therefrom facilitating the organization of combinations, or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people. The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labor and causing a consequent cessation of production. They forced employers to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves, or miss the cost of the lost production. Skilled workers were hard to replace, and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargain (Corrick 45).During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74. 5% in 17301749, to 31. 8% in 18101829 (Corrick 43). Also, there was a significant increase in worker wages during the period 1813-1913 (Corrick 52-54). According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore, the population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at 6 one thousand thousand from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740.The population of England had more than doubled from 8. 3 gazillion in 1801, to 16. 8 million in 1851 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30. 5 million (Corrick 55). As living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century, Britains population doubled every fifty years (Corrick 56-57). Europes population doubled during the 18th century, from roughly 100 million to almost 200 million, and doubled again during the 19th century, to around 400 million (Corrick 58).The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century onward led to massive urbanization and the rise of new bulky cities, first in Europe elsewhere, as new opportunities attracted huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. In 1800, only 3% of the worlds population lived in cities (Corrick 59), a figure that rose to nearly 50% at the beginning of the 21st century (Corrick 60). In 1717 Manchester was merely a market town of 10,000 people, but by 1911 it had a population of 2. 3 milli on (Corrick 61).The Industrial Revolution had a huge impact on the United States and Western Europe. We still use technological advances today and if it wasnt for such advancement we wouldnt have these technologies. Before the Industrial Revolution, each generation of people produced a roughly similar amount of products to their predecessors and overall economic wealth was fairly stagnant. After industrialization, production grew quickly and it generally increased each year. The Industrial Revolution led to many new theories, especially in social, economic, and scientific areas.Many of these theories had positive effects, but quite an a few had negative effects. The new scientific theories were mostly positive because many resulted in inventions that improved the quality of life for most people. Social changes had both positive and negative impacts. However, many of the negative impacts, such as poor working conditions and child labor were reformed through formation of labor unions and passage of child labor laws. Economic changes were also mostly positive. However, the inequality between countries began to grow, depending on if the country was modify or not.